MENU Notes to the financial statementsfor the year ended 30 June 2015

The consolidated and separate financial statements have been prepared in accordance with and comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) its interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”), the JSE Listings Requirements and the requirements of the Companies Act, No 71 of 2008 of South Africa.

The consolidated and separate financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis, except for certain assets and liabilities that have been measured at fair value. The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated and separate financial statements.

The following standard amendments are effective for the current financial year and resulted in additional disclosures for the Group (which includes the consolidated and separate financial statements) for the year ended 30 June 2015:

• IAS 36 – Amendments to IAS 36 – Impairment of Assets.
• IAS 40 – Amendments to IAS 40 – Investment Property.
• IFRS 2 – Amendments to IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment.
• IFRS 3 – Amendments to IFRS 3 – Business Combinations.
• IFRS 8 – Amendments to IFRS 8 – Operating Segments.
• IFRS 13 – Amendments to IFRS 13 – Fair Value Measurement.

The financial statements are presented in South African Rand and all values are rounded to the nearest million (Rm’s), except where otherwise indicated, and have been prepared on a going concern basis.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making the judgements about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods, if the revision affects both current and future periods.

The key assumptions concerning the future and key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, relates to the following:

Inventory obsolescence provision
The Group determines whether there is obsolete inventory on an annual basis. This requires an estimation of the expected future saleability of inventory items based on historical experience, an analysis of market and fashion trends and a review of the ageing of the inventory items. Details pertaining to carrying values and write-offs are provided in note 19.

Classification of leased land and buildings
The Group leases certain properties it owns to its franchisees. The leased properties do not generate cash flows largely independently of other assets of the Group, as rental income is directly linked to the franchise agreement and does not account for the significant portion of income generated from the franchise agreement. The leased property has thus been classified as owner occupied, and not investment property.

Residual values and useful lives of buildings
The Group depreciates its buildings to estimated residual values over an estimated useful life. These estimates are reviewed annually by the Group at each reporting period with reference to expected usage of the buildings, expected physical wear and tear, and current market values. Details of residual values and useful lives are disclosed in note 1.9.

Impairment of tangible assets
The Group determines whether any of the tangible assets are impaired at each reporting date. This requires consideration of the current and future economic and trading environment; available valuation information and the physical state of the tangible assets, to ascertain if there are indications of impairment to those owned by the Group. Details of impairments recorded during the current financial year, and carrying values, are disclosed in note 13 and note 14.

Share-based payments
The Group measures the cost of equity-settled transactions by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments at the date at which they are granted. Estimating fair value requires determining the most appropriate valuation model for a grant of equity instruments, which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This also requires determining the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the option, volatility and dividend yield and making assumptions about them. The assumptions and models used are disclosed in note 6.

Materiality of non-controlling interests
The Group considers non-controlling interests related to subsidiaries which contribute less than 10% of Group turnover and profit prior to intergroup eliminations as immaterial. In the current and prior year, no individual non-controlling interests exceeded this threshold.

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the results and financial position of the Company, its subsidiaries, its associates, the Share Incentive Trust, the BEE Trust and the Foundation Trust.

Subsidiaries are those companies in which the Group has the power to exercise control over. Control is achieved when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power of the investee. The results of subsidiaries are included from the effective dates of acquisition, being the dates on which the Group obtains control, until the dates that control ceases. The identifiable assets and liabilities of companies acquired are assessed and included in the statement of financial position at their fair values as at the effective dates of acquisition.

The Group reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Group obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the statement of comprehensive income from the date the Group gains control until the date the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

All intragroup balances, transactions, unrealised gains and losses resulting from intragroup transactions and dividends are eliminated in full.

All companies in the Group maintain consistent accounting policies and have the same year ends.

Non-controlling interests represent the portion of profit or loss and net assets not held by the Group and are presented separately in the statement of comprehensive income and within equity in the consolidated statement of financial position, separately from equity attributable to equity holders of the parent. Non-controlling interests are not fair valued post acquisition.

Losses within a subsidiary are attributed to the non-controlling interest even if that results in a deficit balance.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction. If the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it:

• Derecognises the assets (including goodwill) and liabilities of the subsidiary;
• Derecognises the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest;
• Derecognises the cumulative translation differences, recorded in equity;
• Recognises the fair value of the consideration received;
• Recognises the fair value of any investment retained;
• Recognises any surplus or deficit in profit or loss; and
• Reclassifies the parent’s share of components previously recognised in other comprehensive income to profit or loss or retained earnings, as appropriate.

New acquisitions are included in the Group’s financial statements using the acquisition method whereby the assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are measured at their fair value. The purchase consideration is allocated on the basis of fair values at the date of acquisition.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost and represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the Group’s share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the acquired entity at the date of acquisition.

Following initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost, less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill carried in the statement of financial position is not amortised. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

As at the acquisition date, any goodwill acquired is allocated to each of the cash-generating units expected to benefit from the acquisition. Impairment is determined by assessing the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit, to which the goodwill relates.

Where the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognised. Where goodwill forms part of the cash-generating unit and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the operation disposed of, is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal of that operation. Goodwill disposed of in this circumstance is measured on the basis of the relative values of the operation disposed of and the portion of the cash-generating unit which is retained.

Investment in subsidiaries are initially recorded at cost, being the fair value of the consideration given and including acquisition charges associated with the investment. Investments are carried at cost, less impairment.

The carrying value of the subsidiaries is reviewed for impairment at every reporting date. Where necessary, the value of the investment is impaired to the greater of the fair value less costs of disposal or the value in use.

The difference between the net proceeds on disposal and the carrying amount of investments is charged to profit or loss in the statement of comprehensive income.

Shares in Italtile Limited held by the Group are classified in equity attributable to equity holders of the parent as treasury shares. These shares are treated as a deduction from the issued and weighted average number of shares. Dividends received on treasury shares are eliminated on consolidation. No gain or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Group’s listed shares is recognised in profit and loss. Consideration received or paid with regards to treasury shares is recognised in equity.

The consolidated and separate financial statements are presented in Rand, which is the Group’s functional and presentation currency. Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency and items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Group entities at their respective functional currency rates prevailing at the date of the transaction.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the functional currency spot rate of exchange ruling at the reporting date.

All differences, including tax effects, are taken to profit or loss.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates as at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined.

The Group has investments in foreign subsidiary companies which are classified as foreign operations with functional currencies that are different to that of the Group. The financial statements of these subsidiaries are translated for incorporation into the Group financial statements as follows:

• Assets and liabilities at the rates ruling at the reporting date.
• Statement of comprehensive income items at a weighted average rate for the period.
• Cash flow items at a weighted average rate for the period.
• Equity items at the appropriate historical rate.

Exchange differences are taken directly to a foreign currency translation reserve which is disclosed in other comprehensive income in the statement of comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign entity, the deferred cumulative amount recognised in other comprehensive income, relating to that particular foreign entity, is recognised in profit or loss.

The Group accounts for the disposal of a foreign subsidiary, by reclassifying accumulated exchange differences related to this entity (recorded as foreign currency translation reserve) to profit and loss. Where the transaction has been accounted for as a common control transaction, foreign currency translation reserves related to foreign investments distributed by the entity but retained by the Group are still recognised in foreign currency translation reserve (see note 23).

All buildings are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

A valuation to open market value for existing use is done every three years for impairment assessment purposes.

All plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis estimated to write each asset down to estimated residual value over the term of its useful life at the following annual rates:

		Useful life	Residual value
	Buildings	5%	80%
	Plant and machinery	20% to 25%	zero
	Vehicles	20% to 25%	zero
	Computer equipment	20% to 33,3%	zero
	Furniture and fittings	16,6% to 33,3%	zero

Depreciation commences when the asset is available and in condition for use as intended by management. The useful lives, methods of depreciation and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each financial year end. Land is not depreciated.

The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use and is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, an appropriate valuation model is used. All repairs and maintenance are recognised in profit and loss as incurred.

Impairment losses of continuing operations are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in those expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset. In addition, an assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognised impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Group makes an estimate of the recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. If that is the case the carrying amount of the asset is increased to its recoverable amount. That increased amount cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains and losses on derecognition of assets are determined by reference to their carrying amount and the net disposal proceeds and are taken to the statement of comprehensive income in the year the asset is derecognised.

Investment properties are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any.

Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis estimated to write each asset down to estimated residual value over the term of its useful life at the following annual rates:

		Useful life	Residual value
	Buildings	5%	80%

Depreciation commences when the asset is available and in condition for use as intended by management. The useful lives, methods of depreciation and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each financial year end. Land is not depreciated.

The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use and is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, an appropriate valuation model is used. All repairs and maintenance are recognised in profit and loss as incurred.

Impairment losses of continuing operations are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in those expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset. In addition, an assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognised impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Group makes an estimate of the recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. If that is the case, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to its recoverable amount. That increased amount cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.

Transfers are made to (or from) investment property only when there is a change in use. For a transfer from investment property to owner-occupied property, the deemed cost for subsequent accounting is the fair value at the date of change in use. If owner-occupied property becomes an investment property, the Group accounts for such property in accordance with the policy stated under property, plant and equipment up to the date of change in use.

Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or net realisable value. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and costs necessary to make the sale. Cost is determined on a weighted average cost method and excludes cash discounts, rebates and relevant indirect taxes.

Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss. Current tax items relating to other comprehensive income are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Deferred income tax
Deferred income tax is provided on the liability method, on recognised temporary differences at tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, other than in the circumstances described below. Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, carry-forward or unused tax assets and unused tax losses can be utilised, other than in the circumstances described below. Furthermore, deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date.

The carrying amount is reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred tax asset to be utilised. Any such reduction shall be reversed to the extent that it becomes probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised where they arise from goodwill arising on acquisition or from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

Deferred income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Offset of tax assets and liabilities
The Group offsets tax assets and liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied on the same entity by the same tax authority.

Value added tax (VAT)
Revenues, expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of VAT except:

• Where the VAT incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case the VAT is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense items, as applicable; and
• Receivables and payables that are stated with the amount of VAT included.

The net amount of VAT recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of other receivables or other payables in the statement of financial position.

Dividend withholding tax
Dividend withholding tax is imposed on shareholders at a rate of 15% on the receipt of dividends, and is withheld and paid to taxation authorities by the company paying the dividend. By election, the Group is exempt from dividend withholding tax on its dividend receipts, except for certain consolidated entities which hold treasury shares. The dividend withholding tax for such entities is included in the Group’s taxation expense.

Revenue from the sale of goods is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer. It excludes cash discounts, rebates and relevant indirect taxes.

Revenue from fixed property rental is turnover-related and recognised when the underlying sale of goods takes place.

Interest is recognised on a time proportion basis which takes into account the effective yield on the asset over the period it is expected to be held.

Dividends are recognised when the right to receive payment is established.

Revenue from franchise income and royalties is recognised on the accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the agreement.

Retirement benefits
Defined-contribution plan
Current contributions to the retirement benefit plan are charged against profit and loss as services are rendered by the employee.

Short-term benefits
The cost of all short-term employee benefits is recognised as an expense during the period in which the employee renders the related service. Liabilities for employee entitlements to wages, salaries and leave represent the amount that the Group has a present obligation, as a result of employee services provided to the reporting date, to the extent that such obligation can be reliably estimated. The accruals have been calculated at discounted amounts based on current wage and salary rates.

Full-time employees of the Group are entitled to a profit incentive payment based on the performance of the Group. The Group thus has a present obligation as a result of the employee services provided to the reporting period, to the extent that such obligation can be reliably estimated. The accruals have been calculated at undiscounted amounts based on current wage and salary rates.

Selected employees, including directors, of the Group receive remuneration in the form of share options, whereby they render services in exchange for rights over shares. The cost of share options is measured by reference to the fair value at the date at which they are granted. The fair value is determined by using a Black-Schöles option-pricing model, further details of which are given in note 6. In valuing the share options, no account is taken of any performance conditions, other than conditions linked to the price of the shares of Italtile Limited.

The cost of the share options is recognised, together with a corresponding increase in shareholders’ equity, over the vesting period ending on the date on which the service conditions are fulfilled and the employees become fully entitled to take up the share options. The cumulative expense recognised for share options granted at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the number of share option grants that will ultimately vest in the opinion of the directors of the Group, at that date. This is based on the best available estimate of the number of share options that will ultimately vest. No expense is recognised for share options that do not ultimately vest.

Where the terms of the share options are modified, as a minimum, an expense is recognised as if the terms had not been modified. In addition, an expense is recognised for any increase in the value of the transactions, as a result of the modification, as measured at the date of modification.

Where a share option is forfeited prior to vesting, any expense previously recognised for the award is reversed immediately. Where an award is cancelled, other than an award cancelled by forfeiture when the vesting conditions are not satisfied, it is treated as if it vested on the date of cancellation, and any expense not yet recognised, is recognised immediately. If a new share option is substituted for the cancelled share option, and designated as a replacement share option on the date that it is granted, the cancelled and new share option grant are treated as if they were a modification of the original grant, as described above.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as a share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share (refer to note 10).

Financial instruments carried on the statement of financial position comprise cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, trade and other payables, and interest-bearing loans and borrowings.

Classification
The Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities are classified as follows:

Measurement
All financial instruments are recognised at the time the Group becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. Financial instruments are initially measured at fair value. Directly attributable transaction costs are included in the fair value, unless it is classified as fair value through profit or loss. The Group assesses whether embedded derivatives are required to be separated from host contracts when the Group first becomes party to the contract. Reassessment only occurs if there is a change in the terms of the contract that significantly modifies the cash flows that would otherwise be required under the contract.

Investments are carried at cost.

Cash and cash equivalents that have a fixed maturity date are subsequently measured at amortised cost using effective interest rates. Generally, cash and cash equivalents have a maturity of three months or less.

Trade and other receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. After initial measurement, trade and other receivables are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method less any allowance for impairment. Amortised cost is calculated taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and includes fees that are an integral part of the effective interest rate and transaction costs. Gains and losses are recognised in profit and loss when trade and other receivables are derecognised or impaired, as well as through the amortisation process. In relation to trade receivables, a provision for impairment is made where there is objective evidence (such as probability of insolvency or significant financial difficulties of the debtor) that the Group will not be able to collect all of the amounts due under the original terms of the invoice. The carrying amount of the receivable is reduced through the use of an allowance account. Impaired debts are derecognised when they are assessed as uncollectible. If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss on other receivables carried at amortised cost has been incurred, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows (excluding future expected credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The carrying amount of the receivable is reduced through the use of an allowance account.

Trade and other payables are subsequently measured at amortised cost.

Interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the amortisation process.

Fair value
The Group measures the fair value of financial instruments at each statement of financial position date. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• in the principal market for the asset or liability, or
• in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

• Level 1 – Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
• Level 2 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable; and
• Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between Levels in the hierarchy by reassessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

Derivative financial instruments
The Group uses foreign exchange contracts to manage its risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations. Details of the Group’s financial risk management objectives and policies are set out in note 32.

All derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured at fair value. Any gain or loss from remeasuring the derivative financial instrument to fair value is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

The fair value of forward exchange contracts is calculated by reference to current forward exchange rates for contracts with similar maturity profiles.

Derecognition of financial instruments
Financial assets
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognised when:

• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired;
• The Group retains the right to receive cash flows from the asset, but has assumed an obligation to pay them in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass through’ arrangement; or
• The Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset and either (a) has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

When the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flow from an asset and has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset nor transferred control of the asset, the asset is recognised to the extent of the Group’s continuing involvement in the asset. Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Group could be required to repay.

When continuing involvement takes the form of a written and/or purchased option (including a cash-settled option or similar provision) on the transferred asset, the extent of the Group’s continuing involvement is the amount of the transferred asset that the Group may repurchase, except that in the case of a written put option (including a cash-settled option or similar provision) on an asset measured at fair value, the extent of the Group’s continuing involvement is limited to the lower of the fair value of the transferred asset and the option exercise price.

Financial liabilities
A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled or expires.

When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, and the difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in profit and loss.

Offset of financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are set off against each other where there is an intention to settle the amounts simultaneously, and a currently enforceable legal right of set-off exists.

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at inception date, of whether the fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets, or the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset.

Group as a lessee
All leases are treated as operating leases and the relevant rentals are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis.

Group as a lessor
Leases where the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the asset are classified as operating leases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Retail income from the leases are based on a percentage of turnover and is recognised when the underlying sale of goods by the lessee takes place. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.

The Group’s investment in its associate is accounted for using the equity method. An associate is an entity in which the Group has significant influence.

Under the equity method, the investment in the associate is carried in the statement of financial position at cost plus post acquisition changes in the Group’s share of net assets of the associate. Goodwill relating to the associate is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is neither amortised nor individually tested for impairment.

Profit and loss in the statement of comprehensive income reflects the share of the results of operations of the associate in profit or loss. Any change in other comprehensive income of the associate is presented as part of the Group’s other comprehensive income. Where there has been a change recognised directly in the equity of the associate, the Group recognises its share of any changes and discloses this, when applicable, in the statement of changes in equity. Unrealised gains and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and the associate are eliminated to the extent of the interest in the associate.

The share of profit of an associate is included in profit or loss. This is the profit attributable to equity holders of the associate and therefore is profit after tax and non-controlling interests in the subsidiaries of the associate.

The financial statements of the associate are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. Where necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies in line with those of the Group.

After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to recognise an additional impairment loss on the Group’s investment in its associate. The Group determines at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that the investment in the associate is impaired. If this is the case, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate and its carrying value and recognises the amount in profit or loss.

Upon loss of significant influence over the associate, the Group measures and recognises any retaining investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the associate upon loss of significant influence and the fair value of the retaining investment and proceeds from disposal is recognised in profit or loss.

Provisions are recognised when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Group expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit or loss net of any reimbursement.

Standards issued but not yet effective up to the date of issuance of the Group’s financial statements are listed below. This listing is of standards and interpretations issued, which the Group reasonably expects to be applicable at a future date. The Group intend to adopt those standards when they become effective. The Group expects that adoption of these standards, amendments and interpretations in most cases not to have any significant impact on the Group’s financial position or performance in the period of initial application but additional disclosures will be required. In cases where it will have an impact the Group is still assessing the possible impact.

IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements (Amendment)

The amendments to IAS 1 clarify the requirements for materiality, specific line items in the statement(s) of profit and loss and other comprehensive income and financial position may be disaggregated, flexibility as to the order in which notes are presented, that other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures be presented in aggregate as a single line, and the requirements when additional subtotals are presented. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016.

IAS 16 and IAS 38 – Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets (Amendment)

The amendment clarifies the acceptable methods of depreciation and amortisation, prohibiting the use of revenue-based depreciation methods for fixed assets and limiting the use of revenue-based amortisation methods for intangible assets. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016, and will have no impact on the Group.

IFRS 7 – Financial Instruments: Disclosures (Amendment)

The amendment clarifies that the offsetting disclosure requirements do not apply to condensed interim financial statements, unless such disclosures provide a significant update to information reported in the most recent annual report. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016.

IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments: Classification and Measurement

The IASB issued the final version of IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments which reflects all phases of the financial instruments project and replaces IAS 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and all previous versions of IFRS 9.

The standard introduces new requirements for classification and measurement, impairment, and hedge accounting. IFRS 9 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, with early application permitted. Retrospective application is required, but comparative information is not compulsory. The adoption of IFRS 9 will have an effect on the classification and measurement of the Group’s financial assets, but no impact on the classification and measurement of the Group’s financial liabilities.

IFRS 10, IFRS 12 and IAS 28 – Investment Entity Consolidation Exception (Amendment)

The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. The amendment clarifies the exception to the consolidation requirement for entities that meet the definition of an investment entity.

IFRS 15 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 replaces IAS 11 – Construction Contracts, IAS 18 – Revenue and related interpretations. IFRS 15 specifies the accounting treatment for all revenue arising from contracts with customers. It applies to all entities that enter into contracts to provide goods or services to their customers, unless the contracts are in the scope of other IFRS, such as IAS 17 – Leases. The standard also provides a model for the measurement and recognition of gains and losses on the sale of certain non-financial assets, such as property or equipment. Extensive disclosures will be required, including disaggregation of total revenue; information about performance obligations; changes in contract asset and liability account balances between periods and key judgements and estimates. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017.